A History Of Marine Science Essay Research free essay sample

A History Of Marine Science Essay, Research Paper Morris 1 Rich Morris OCE 1001 Sept. 09, 2000 Ch.2 A History of Marine Science The early history of Marine scientific discipline started about 11,000 old ages ago. Nomads began sailing into east and cardinal Europe, and across the fields of cardinal Asia. They journeyed to the shores of northeasterly Asia and crossed the Bering Sea into North America and South America. Most traveled on pes except for those who were talented in raft edifice or pilotage. Any coastal civilization with these endowments had large economical advantages and greater entree to nutrient or supplies. But when European adventurers set out to happen the universe, they were met by island-dwellers at about every ball of land they found. The first grounds of sailing comes from records of trade in the Mediterranean Sea. The Greeks started to research outside the Mediterranean and into the Atlantic Ocean around 900-700 b.c. The Greeks thought the ocean was a immense river because they noticed currents that ran from north to south. The Phoenicians were besides native to theses Waterss but chose non to venture out of sight of land. Smart crewmans started entering the location of stones, landmarks, and the way of currents to do their ocean trips safer. These first chart shapers were Mediterranean bargainers. These were non the lone civilizations making their prep at the clip. The Chinese began to engineer an extended system of inland waterways, some of which connected to the Pacific Ocean to do conveyance of goods easier. The Polynesian people were traveling along the islands off the seashore of Southeast Asia and Indonesia for old ages and began to Morris 2 settle the mid-pacific islands. These early adventurers were able to state way by the stars and Sun. They spread from island to island until the large and accessible islands had been colonized. This resulted in overpopulation and depletion of resources. Groups of people scattered in every way including Hawaii. The Hawaiian Islands are 2,000 stat mis from any important island, doing that a dangerous journey. These lucky innovators colonized Hawaii some clip between 450 and 650 a.d. Within a hundred old ages of their reaching, they were directing big vass on regular return trips to the Marquesas and the Society Islands. Advancement in ocean scientific discipline began at the Library of Alexandria in Egypt. Alexander the Great founded it in the 3rd century. It was known as the first university in the universe. When any ship entered the seaport, the books it contained were lawfully removed and brought to the Library to be copied. The features of states, trade, natural admirations, artistic accomplishments, tourer sights, and other points of involvement were catalogued and filed. For 600 hundred old ages, it was the greatest and most influential establishment of larning in the universe. One of the bibliothecs was Eratosthenes of Cyrene. He was the first to cipher the perimeter of the Earth. Celestial Navigation was discovered here and latitude and longitude were invented by Eratosthenes. The last librarian at Alexandria was a adult female named Hypathia. A rabble badly killed her and burned the Library down with all of its contents in A.D.415. The academic loss was incalculable ; we will neer cognize t he true extent and influence of its aggregation of over 700,000 unreplaceable coils. On the other side of the Earth, the Vikings were over powering Eve ry settlement they came in contact on their manner down the seashore of Europe. As the Gallic, Irish, and British Morris 3 defences became stronger the Vikings traveled west to Iceland and Greenland. Old ages subsequently Prince Henry started the survey of Marine scientific discipline and pilotage at Sagres. Henry ventured south into the undiscovered and opened the west seashore of Africa to commerce. His crew used the compass. Another great seaman was Christopher Columbus. He was familiar with Henry? s work and knew the Earth was spherical. He set out to detect the new universe and confused it to be India or Japan. Other adventurers rapidly followed, and Columbus? s mistake was shortly corrected. James Cook, a adept sailing master verified computations of planetal orbits. He and his work forces found New Zealand and charted Australia? s Great Barrier Reef. They made notes of history and recorded critical info. He was the first to compass the universe at high height. Cook charted Tonga and Easter Islands and subsequently, the west seashore of North America. On his last journey he departed a dinner with t he head of Hawaii. He or his crew someway angered the Hawaiians and were attacked by the crowd. Cook was killed amongst others. He is remembered as an outstanding sailing master and his charts were so great that they used them in World War 2. In 1838 the United States Exploring Expedition was launched. The work aboard the ship Vincennes and the expedition? s five other vass helped set up the natural scientific disciplines as good professions in America. They left for four old ages with ends of mineral assemblage, charting the east Antarctic seashore, and pure geographic expedition. The crew was lead by Lt. Charles Wilkes. The work forces returned with many specimens and artefacts, which formed the freshly established Smithsonian Institute in D.C. Wilkes prepared a concluding study numbering 19 volumes of maps, text, and illustrations. His study is a landmark in the history of scientific accomplishment. Morris 4 At about the clip Wilkes returned from sea, Matthew Maury became interested in larning more about air currents and currents. Maury was the first individual to feel the worldwide form of surface air currents and currents. He created shorter paths to legion locations salvaging every bit much as 20 yearss of seafaring. He is considered by many to be the male parent of physical oceanology. On December 21, the HMS Challenger set canvas on a four-year journey to detect the life and decease in the deepnesss of the ocean. Scientists took salt, temperature, and H2O denseness measurings during these soundings. Each reading contributed to a turning image of the physical form of the ocean floor. In the United States, the three outstanding oceanographic institutes are the Woods Hole Institute on Cape Cod, founded in 1930. Here they established the U.S. Commission of Fish and Fisheries in 1971. Next was the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, founded in La Jolla, California. This institute started as a research lab in a collapsible shelter until founded by William Ritter. Last was the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, founded in 1949. NASA has besides become an of import subscriber to marine scientific discipline. For four months in 1978, NASA? S Seasat, the first oceanographic orbiter, beamed oceanographic informations to Earth. These same orbiters are now able to find moving ridge tallness, fluctuations in the seas contour and temperature, and other of import Marine info. 36d Oceanography, 3rd edition, Tom Garrison

Writing for Literary Magazines

Writing for Literary Magazines 163 Literary Magazines Accepting Reprints http://publishedtodeath.blogspot.com/2016/01/163-literary-magazines-accepting.html The more I read the list the madder I got. Not at the blog and not at the author, but at the fact  123 of those 163 publications dont pay for reprints. But what you dont immediately see is most of them dont pay for original works, either. Look closely and youll see that 11 pay token payments, three admit paying pennies, 12 pay semi-pro rates when pro is six cents/word. Some admit $1, $2, $5 and $8 flat rate. You could count on one hand the ones that pay double digits, with the highest admitting paying $10 to $100. I understand that the author of the piece attempted to help writers who wanted to resell material theyd already published. Very few of them will pay you, but you will have the satisfaction of knowing that you have reached more readers. Sorry, thats still exposure, in my book in lieu of payment.   Why should you write for these publications? You shouldnt. The only way Id write for a publication such as these is if their reputation is pretty darn big and can catapult your career. I dont mean 2,500 readers. I mean tens of thousands and their name is recognizable and respected. Otherwise, youre feeding their preference to pay writers nothing and the exposure promise is worth nil. Exposure to a small group is not exposure. Why do people submit to them? A wide range of reasons. Because they think itll make them look professional. Because they think the exposure will do something for their career, not evening thinking what exposure means.  Because they hate rejection. Many would rather publish quickly or for nothing than hold out. Its possibly ego or desperation to publish, or a combination of the two. Its so much more professional, and youll respect yourself so much more, if you hold off publishing until you can climb the ladder a little bit and reach the paying publications. Yes, even in the literary world, they have markets that pay. One of the biggest myths out there is if you write for free or pennies, you are paying your dues. Um, no. You are proving to a higher calibre editor and publication that you settle for less. Most say they do not have the budget to pay. Many say they are nonprofit and cannot afford to pay. Some say they are university affiliated and, therefore, cannot afford to pay. The fact is, if you run a business (and a nonprofit or university press is a business), and you run it properly, you find the money to pay the people providing the raw materials that make it happen. The printer, the mailman, and all the players who put that publication together are getting paid. Which means you should be shamed into starving.

The Journal of Social Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Journal of Social Psychology - Essay Example Also, people are more likely to notice consistent feedback more than inconsistent feedback and to interpret ambiguous feedback as consistent with their own self-conceptions. However, sometimes people receive self-inconsistent feedback. According to Self-Verification Theory (Swann 1987, as cited by Collins and Stukas), people are likely to reject such feedback. Nevertheless, there are some situations in which self-change is promoted and self-inconsistent feedback is meant to be taken seriously and scrutinized. In particular, the therapeutic clinic is a context for such change, which is often set in motion by the delivery of self-inconsistent feedback. However, Self-Verification Theory had already demonstrated that people in need of therapeutic change (e.g., depressed people) may show a preference for negative (self-consistent) feedback over positive (self-inconsistent) feedback. Indeed, in the setting of therapy, clients may be more willing to accept self-inconsistent feedback, althou gh other factors--such as therapists' statuses and clients' attitudes toward therapy--may moderate acceptance. This is why Collins and Stukas (2006) tried to study the effects of experimentally manipulated personality feedback that they--in the guise of therapists--e-mailed to participants on the degree of their acceptance of the feedback. Consistent with Self-Verification Theory (Swann, 1987), participants accepted feedback that was consistent with their self-views more readily than they did feedback that was inconsistent with their self-views. What they did was to randomly assign participants in receiving self-inconsistent or self-consistent feedback, and they simply returned their evaluations of the feedback to us by e-mail. Collins and Stukas (June 2006) hypothesized that (a) participants would be more willing to accept self-consistent feedback than self-inconsistent feedback, (b) participants would be more willing to accept self-inconsistent feedback from a high-status therapist than from a low-status therapist, and (c) participants with positive attitudes toward therapy would be more w illing to accept self-inconsistent feedback than would participants with negative attitudes toward therapy. Although Collins and Stukas (June, 2006) obtained results that are consistent with past researches, the thing is that they chose a very minimal operationalization of the therapeutic context, one that allowed us to manipulate both therapist status and feedback without concern for the potential influence of other variables that are normally found in this setting (e.g., dynamics of an actual interaction, appearance of the therapist and therapist's office, actual psychopathology of the clients). They also used a very short measure to assess participants' self-concepts. This reductionistic approach worked well from both a practical standpoint and an ethical one, but doing research in the real setting might prove more difficult. This research from Collins and Stukas (June 2006) might be helpful in terms of the modern methodologies used in this study. We could use similar approach in determining Self-Feedbacks by electronic mail to our respondents. Schmitt, D.P. and Allik, J. (2005, October). Simultaneous Administration of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale in 53 Nations: Exploring the Universal and Culture-Specific Features of Global Self-Esteem, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 89(4): 623-642. In Schmitt and Allik's study

Should college athletes be paid Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Should college athletes be paid - Research Paper Example The paper tells that since a long time, college athletes have been working with their hearts and souls day after day and year after year for the appreciation and name of their universities. The athletes are bringing huge money in their universities by their outstanding performances, television contracts and other deals. People, who are intrinsically motivated, possess the love for their work and they do not depend on any extrinsic reward for showing good performance. One can easily put athletes in this category. However, taking wrong advantage of this intrinsic motivation is common in most of the universities and colleges in the world. The people running these universities assume that provision of education in exchange of their phenomenal performance in sports is enough but this scholarship is not enough for those who give up their freedom and blood for a one-hour game. Apart from scholarship, they get nothing for their perseverance and struggle. If one goes in depth of this issue, o ne comes to know that athletes are responsible for running a huge business for the colleges and universities. Athletes play the same role for colleges as employees for organizations. One would hardly find any organization, which pays nothing to its employees who bring in a lot of business. Many people argue that it is more than enough if they get scholarship in exchange of their games and practice but the question arises, that can they survive on the scholarship money wholly. Scholarship money includes their college fee, tuition fee, and cost of books but what would they do for their food, entertainment, phone bills, laundry, and many other activities. Had they not been playing for the colleges they would do part time jobs and earn their livings but athletes require a huge time for practice without which they cannot give good performance and get scholarship from college. Scholarship is not just enough for what they give to their colleges. This is causing many athletes leave their co lleges without completing their education and getting into professional sports. Many colleges give bonuses to its teachers and scholars out of the money, which actually comes in because of undying energy and struggle of college athletes. Chris Weber is one of the athletes of University of Michigan; he had to struggle for money to watch a movie on the other hand the university bookshop was selling his uniform jersey for $50. College athlete must receive some sort of payment from the colleges they join or from the NCAA itself. Colleges should treat athletes as humans as they treat every other student. By not considering them the major reason of earning money and refusing to pay, the NCAA and its executives want the athletes to live a life which normal human beings cannot live. Normal humans want return of their efforts and NCCA is not giving this return. Some or other way NCCA itself is putting the college athletes at a disadvantage to not finish their college education and ruin their careers. Many people say that system is fine the way it is and there is no need of paying college athletes but they would understand the scenario only if they were at the place of these unfortunate athletes. One of the clearest examples of exploitation of college athletes is that of NCCA, which signed a contract of one billion dollar with CBS giving them right to broadcast all NCCA basketball tournament games played by their college athletes. Moreover, â€Å"NCAA has a multimillion-dollar yearly budget and it earns over $20,000,000 a year in television contracts† Murphy and Pace, n.p.). Concerning this, Hunter R. Rawlings III, president of the University of

OM8025 final paper Term Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

OM8025 final - Term Paper Example Zaire is one such country. Through the creation of private-public partnerships and with some creative long-term strategic planning, Zaire has the potential and the opportunity to bridge the digital divide. This will enable Zaire to diversify its economy and to open new international markets to products manufactured locally. This study attempts to determine the level of interest among private sector firms and government agencies in Zaire in acquiring advanced telecommunications and internet capabilities. It also assesses what technology capabilities are most needed and what the impact of introducing these new technologies might have on the social, cultural and business practices of Zairians. The purpose of this study is to determine the degree to which public and private agencies in Zaire value the importance of having access to emerging telecommunications and internet technologies. If these technologies are made available, what affect do the agencies perceive these technologies to have on the manner in which they conduct their business activities? The lack of access to state-of-the-art telecommunications and internet technologies has represented a major constraint in Zaire’s efforts to diversity its economy. The country must show consistent economic growth in order to generate the revenues that it needs to develop new programs and businesses. In particular, Zaire must increase the volume of foreign direct investment in its economy in order to create the skilled jobs that Zairians require. There is a strong theoretical foundation in both economics and public policy that indicates a direct correlation between economic diversity and economic prosperity. Economic prosperity, in turn, provides countries with the resources that they need to develop strong social institutions (World Economic Forum, 2009). One of the distinguishing characteristics between

Changing Concentration of Hydrochloric Acid

Changing Concentration of Hydrochloric Acid How will changing the concentration of hydrochloric (HCl) acid affect the rate of hydrogen gas (H2) production during the reaction with magnesium (Mg), using the pressure buildup by hydrogen gas? Introduction Factors that influence rates of reactions include change in concentration, temperature, surface area, or the addition of a catalyst. This experiment will specifically investigate the effect of concentration change of the reactants upon the rate of reaction, using hydrochloric acid and magnesium strip. The concentration of HCl acid solution is controlled through serial dilution. 2HCl(aq) + Mg(s) à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ MgCl2(aq) + H2(g) This experiment in particular will explore how the pressure changes as the above reaction proceeds. Because the reaction produces hydrogen gas as a product, building up more pressure within the confined space of a test tube, a pressure sensor will measure the rate of reaction. After the reaction begins, approximately 20 seconds of data will be collected with each trial, in order to formulate a common trend (a graph of pressure over time). With average slopes of different amount of concentrations, a linear regression line will then be created to sketch the trend, regarding the effect of concentration upon pressure-the rate of reaction. Hypothesis According to Collision Theory, the reactant particles must collide together, and thus creating a reaction. Because increasing the concentration of HCl acid solution also means an increase in the number of hydrogen and chloride ions, collision between the reactant particles increases as well, resulting in more products-hydrogen gas. With more production of hydrogen gas in the confined test tube, pressure will build up. Therefore, if-at a given period of time-the concentration of HCl acid solution increases, then the rate of reaction will increase accordingly, because more collisions will occur, producing hydrogen gas at a higher rate. Variables Variable description Method of measuring variable Dependent variable Pressure buildup due to the reaction between hydrochloric acid solution and magnesium During the reaction, H2gas is produced, thus increasing the volume within the confined space of a test tube and increasing the pressure. This change will be recorded by a pressure sensor. Collecting data for about 10 seconds before the injection of the magnesium strip, the measurement of pressure will continue for about 20 seconds after the reaction begins. Three trials are required for each concentration of HCl solution to minimize random error. Rate of reaction Using the more accurate initial rate of the reaction, about 10 seconds of the graph after the reaction begins will be used to create a slope of change in pressure over time. Independent variable Concentration of HCl solution Using serial dilution along with apparatus such as micropipette and flask, the 1M hydrochloric acid solution will be diluted into 0.5M, 0.25M, 0.125M, and 0.0625M. Controlled variables Mg strip (length) Using a ruler and scissor, the Mg strip will be cut into 15 pieces, each being 1cm. Volume of hydrochloric acid solution For each concentration, 3cm3of hydrochloric acid solution is used, accurately measured by a pipette. Temperature of reactants The temperature remains constant at room temperature (approx. 25 degrees Celsius) throughout the entire experiment. Shaking of the test tube To create the most accurate results possible, physical motion when slightly shaking the test tubes must be repetitive in the same way for each trial. Size of the test tube Because different sizes of test tubes would mean different volumes as well, constant size (volume) is essential, preferably small so that the reaction will be more conspicuous. To do this, 15 identical test tubes are used. Table 1: List of Variables Apparatus and Materials 1M hydrochloric acid solution Distilled water Magnesium strip Flask (50cm3) Pressure sensor Logger Pro Micropipette 15 identical test tubes Sandpaper Scissor Procedure Put 20cm3 of 1M HCL solution in the flask and dilute it to 0.5M with 20cm3 of distilled water. Using the serial dilution as in step 1, prepare 10cm3 solutions with concentrations of 1M, 0.5M, 0.25M, 0.125M, and 0.0625M. Add 3 cm3 of each solution into labeled test tubes using the micropipette. Repeat step 3 to prepare three test tubes of each solution (15 in total) Cut out the magnesium strip into 15 pieces of 1cm and sand them with sandpaper. Put the cut out magnesium strip into the test tube with 1M HCl solution. Then quickly cover the test tube with the pressure sensor. Start collecting data while shaking the test tube in a consistent manner for about 25 seconds after the reaction begins. Repeat steps 6 to 8 for all other test tubes. Data Collection and Processing Qualitative Data After the injection of the magnesium strip into the HCl solution, it effervesces and pressure inside the test tube begins to build up. With test tubes of higher concentration, the pressure seems to be higher within the time limit and more bubbles form. At the end of the reaction, the solutions color changed to transparent yellow. The reacted solution (product) gives off a foul smell. Processed Data Data Presentation 1 0.5 0.25 0.125 0.0625 Uncertainties Standard Deviation Standard deviation was calculated and represented in the rate of reaction vs. concentration graph as error bars. Standard deviation for different concentration of HCl solution Standard deviation was calculated by a graphing calculator. Uncertainty due to the serial dilution of HCl solution Uncertainty due to 1cm3 Uncertainty during dilution measuring pressure (?) Conclusion In Figure 1, the trend of different concentrations of reactants influencing the rate of reaction is illustrated. The linear regression line demonstrates the clear change in rate of reaction, according to the change in concentration-the lower the concentration, the slower the rate of reaction. Hence, the initial hypothesis, stating the direct relationship between concentration and rate of reaction, is justified and validated. Evaluation Shown by Table 4, in which the standard deviations for each concentration of HCl solution are calculated, the results of this experiment are fairly precise, but not to a great extent. Moreover, uncertainties created during the preparation of the experiment, as with the management of apparatus and materials such as the gas pressure sensor, flask, and micropipette decreases the accuracy. Although Figure 1, the graph containing the general trend of concentrations effect upon the rate of reaction seems to validate the hypothesis, the rate of reaction of 0.25M HCl solution stands out of the trend, decreasing the validity of this experiments results. More factors that may have hindered obtaining accurate results of this experiment include: Error Impact Improvements Using hand to shake the test tubes for faster reaction rate Any non-perceptible (by humans) changes influenced each reaction to proceed differently, ultimately creating different circumstances for each trial. This change in circumstances is crucial since it greatly hinders accurate results. The use of a vibration plate instead may reduce error as it is more consistent. Reproducible circumstances can be better achieved.

The Advancement of The Machine Gun Essay -- Warfare

War has been a recurring part of America’s history for the past hundreds of years. From the 1700s to the present, America has gotten into numerous situations and turmoil, which eventually lead to the wars we currently study and know about today. Technological advancements in warfare were necessary and a great obligation during times of war. This was pursued with drastic improvement. From the transformation of the use of smoothbore muskets during the Civil War to the industrial revolution leading to weaponry innovations post civil war, the nature of warfare dramatically changed. These developments proved to be proficient in battle. In the midst of these hundreds of years, while many technological advances demonstrated to be efficient in battle, the machine gun was one of the most significant advancements in technology that changed the face of warfare through its transformation of operations and strategy. During the civil war before the introduction of the machine guns, union soldiers predominantly used smoothbore muskets. â€Å"The rifle’s low muzzle velocity and consequent high parabolic trajectory made for difficult long-range shooting, especially since soldiers engaged in little target practice and received virtually no training in estimating distances or in using the adjustable sights to compensate for the bullet’s curved flight. The tangled terrain of most battlefields—and the black powder smoke that engulfed every battle—often rendered enemy soldiers invisible until they were within smoothbore range† (Hess 288). This was assumed to be the reason of why the war was prolonged, and the combat losses were higher during the smoothbore era. Also with an ability of only firing a â€Å"maximum of three rounds per minute† (Howey), this rat... ...smith, Dolf L., and R. Blake. Stevens. The Devil's Paintbrush: Sir Hiram Maxim’s Gun. Toronto: Collector Grade Publications, 1989. Print. 2. Hess, Earl J. The Rifle Musket in Civil War Combat: Reality and Myth. Lawrence, Kan: University Press of Kansas, 2008. Print. 3. Howey, Allan W. "Weaponry: The Rifle-Musket and the Minià © Ball  » History Net." History Net. Weider History Group, Oct. 1999. Web. 12 May 2012. . 4. Lee, Loyd E. World War II. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1999. Print. 5. Popenker, Max R. "Modern Firearms - MachineGuns." Max R. Popenker, 1999-2010. Web. 10 May 2012. . 6. Simkin, John. "Machine-Gun." Spartacus Educational - Home Page. John Simkin. Web. 10 May 2012. .