A History Of Marine Science Essay Research free essay sample

A History Of Marine Science Essay, Research Paper Morris 1 Rich Morris OCE 1001 Sept. 09, 2000 Ch.2 A History of Marine Science The early history of Marine scientific discipline started about 11,000 old ages ago. Nomads began sailing into east and cardinal Europe, and across the fields of cardinal Asia. They journeyed to the shores of northeasterly Asia and crossed the Bering Sea into North America and South America. Most traveled on pes except for those who were talented in raft edifice or pilotage. Any coastal civilization with these endowments had large economical advantages and greater entree to nutrient or supplies. But when European adventurers set out to happen the universe, they were met by island-dwellers at about every ball of land they found. The first grounds of sailing comes from records of trade in the Mediterranean Sea. The Greeks started to research outside the Mediterranean and into the Atlantic Ocean around 900-700 b.c. The Greeks thought the ocean was a immense river because they noticed currents that ran from north to south. The Phoenicians were besides native to theses Waterss but chose non to venture out of sight of land. Smart crewmans started entering the location of stones, landmarks, and the way of currents to do their ocean trips safer. These first chart shapers were Mediterranean bargainers. These were non the lone civilizations making their prep at the clip. The Chinese began to engineer an extended system of inland waterways, some of which connected to the Pacific Ocean to do conveyance of goods easier. The Polynesian people were traveling along the islands off the seashore of Southeast Asia and Indonesia for old ages and began to Morris 2 settle the mid-pacific islands. These early adventurers were able to state way by the stars and Sun. They spread from island to island until the large and accessible islands had been colonized. This resulted in overpopulation and depletion of resources. Groups of people scattered in every way including Hawaii. The Hawaiian Islands are 2,000 stat mis from any important island, doing that a dangerous journey. These lucky innovators colonized Hawaii some clip between 450 and 650 a.d. Within a hundred old ages of their reaching, they were directing big vass on regular return trips to the Marquesas and the Society Islands. Advancement in ocean scientific discipline began at the Library of Alexandria in Egypt. Alexander the Great founded it in the 3rd century. It was known as the first university in the universe. When any ship entered the seaport, the books it contained were lawfully removed and brought to the Library to be copied. The features of states, trade, natural admirations, artistic accomplishments, tourer sights, and other points of involvement were catalogued and filed. For 600 hundred old ages, it was the greatest and most influential establishment of larning in the universe. One of the bibliothecs was Eratosthenes of Cyrene. He was the first to cipher the perimeter of the Earth. Celestial Navigation was discovered here and latitude and longitude were invented by Eratosthenes. The last librarian at Alexandria was a adult female named Hypathia. A rabble badly killed her and burned the Library down with all of its contents in A.D.415. The academic loss was incalculable ; we will neer cognize t he true extent and influence of its aggregation of over 700,000 unreplaceable coils. On the other side of the Earth, the Vikings were over powering Eve ry settlement they came in contact on their manner down the seashore of Europe. As the Gallic, Irish, and British Morris 3 defences became stronger the Vikings traveled west to Iceland and Greenland. Old ages subsequently Prince Henry started the survey of Marine scientific discipline and pilotage at Sagres. Henry ventured south into the undiscovered and opened the west seashore of Africa to commerce. His crew used the compass. Another great seaman was Christopher Columbus. He was familiar with Henry? s work and knew the Earth was spherical. He set out to detect the new universe and confused it to be India or Japan. Other adventurers rapidly followed, and Columbus? s mistake was shortly corrected. James Cook, a adept sailing master verified computations of planetal orbits. He and his work forces found New Zealand and charted Australia? s Great Barrier Reef. They made notes of history and recorded critical info. He was the first to compass the universe at high height. Cook charted Tonga and Easter Islands and subsequently, the west seashore of North America. On his last journey he departed a dinner with t he head of Hawaii. He or his crew someway angered the Hawaiians and were attacked by the crowd. Cook was killed amongst others. He is remembered as an outstanding sailing master and his charts were so great that they used them in World War 2. In 1838 the United States Exploring Expedition was launched. The work aboard the ship Vincennes and the expedition? s five other vass helped set up the natural scientific disciplines as good professions in America. They left for four old ages with ends of mineral assemblage, charting the east Antarctic seashore, and pure geographic expedition. The crew was lead by Lt. Charles Wilkes. The work forces returned with many specimens and artefacts, which formed the freshly established Smithsonian Institute in D.C. Wilkes prepared a concluding study numbering 19 volumes of maps, text, and illustrations. His study is a landmark in the history of scientific accomplishment. Morris 4 At about the clip Wilkes returned from sea, Matthew Maury became interested in larning more about air currents and currents. Maury was the first individual to feel the worldwide form of surface air currents and currents. He created shorter paths to legion locations salvaging every bit much as 20 yearss of seafaring. He is considered by many to be the male parent of physical oceanology. On December 21, the HMS Challenger set canvas on a four-year journey to detect the life and decease in the deepnesss of the ocean. Scientists took salt, temperature, and H2O denseness measurings during these soundings. Each reading contributed to a turning image of the physical form of the ocean floor. In the United States, the three outstanding oceanographic institutes are the Woods Hole Institute on Cape Cod, founded in 1930. Here they established the U.S. Commission of Fish and Fisheries in 1971. Next was the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, founded in La Jolla, California. This institute started as a research lab in a collapsible shelter until founded by William Ritter. Last was the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, founded in 1949. NASA has besides become an of import subscriber to marine scientific discipline. For four months in 1978, NASA? S Seasat, the first oceanographic orbiter, beamed oceanographic informations to Earth. These same orbiters are now able to find moving ridge tallness, fluctuations in the seas contour and temperature, and other of import Marine info. 36d Oceanography, 3rd edition, Tom Garrison

Writing for Literary Magazines

Writing for Literary Magazines 163 Literary Magazines Accepting Reprints http://publishedtodeath.blogspot.com/2016/01/163-literary-magazines-accepting.html The more I read the list the madder I got. Not at the blog and not at the author, but at the fact  123 of those 163 publications dont pay for reprints. But what you dont immediately see is most of them dont pay for original works, either. Look closely and youll see that 11 pay token payments, three admit paying pennies, 12 pay semi-pro rates when pro is six cents/word. Some admit $1, $2, $5 and $8 flat rate. You could count on one hand the ones that pay double digits, with the highest admitting paying $10 to $100. I understand that the author of the piece attempted to help writers who wanted to resell material theyd already published. Very few of them will pay you, but you will have the satisfaction of knowing that you have reached more readers. Sorry, thats still exposure, in my book in lieu of payment.   Why should you write for these publications? You shouldnt. The only way Id write for a publication such as these is if their reputation is pretty darn big and can catapult your career. I dont mean 2,500 readers. I mean tens of thousands and their name is recognizable and respected. Otherwise, youre feeding their preference to pay writers nothing and the exposure promise is worth nil. Exposure to a small group is not exposure. Why do people submit to them? A wide range of reasons. Because they think itll make them look professional. Because they think the exposure will do something for their career, not evening thinking what exposure means.  Because they hate rejection. Many would rather publish quickly or for nothing than hold out. Its possibly ego or desperation to publish, or a combination of the two. Its so much more professional, and youll respect yourself so much more, if you hold off publishing until you can climb the ladder a little bit and reach the paying publications. Yes, even in the literary world, they have markets that pay. One of the biggest myths out there is if you write for free or pennies, you are paying your dues. Um, no. You are proving to a higher calibre editor and publication that you settle for less. Most say they do not have the budget to pay. Many say they are nonprofit and cannot afford to pay. Some say they are university affiliated and, therefore, cannot afford to pay. The fact is, if you run a business (and a nonprofit or university press is a business), and you run it properly, you find the money to pay the people providing the raw materials that make it happen. The printer, the mailman, and all the players who put that publication together are getting paid. Which means you should be shamed into starving.

The Journal of Social Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Journal of Social Psychology - Essay Example Also, people are more likely to notice consistent feedback more than inconsistent feedback and to interpret ambiguous feedback as consistent with their own self-conceptions. However, sometimes people receive self-inconsistent feedback. According to Self-Verification Theory (Swann 1987, as cited by Collins and Stukas), people are likely to reject such feedback. Nevertheless, there are some situations in which self-change is promoted and self-inconsistent feedback is meant to be taken seriously and scrutinized. In particular, the therapeutic clinic is a context for such change, which is often set in motion by the delivery of self-inconsistent feedback. However, Self-Verification Theory had already demonstrated that people in need of therapeutic change (e.g., depressed people) may show a preference for negative (self-consistent) feedback over positive (self-inconsistent) feedback. Indeed, in the setting of therapy, clients may be more willing to accept self-inconsistent feedback, althou gh other factors--such as therapists' statuses and clients' attitudes toward therapy--may moderate acceptance. This is why Collins and Stukas (2006) tried to study the effects of experimentally manipulated personality feedback that they--in the guise of therapists--e-mailed to participants on the degree of their acceptance of the feedback. Consistent with Self-Verification Theory (Swann, 1987), participants accepted feedback that was consistent with their self-views more readily than they did feedback that was inconsistent with their self-views. What they did was to randomly assign participants in receiving self-inconsistent or self-consistent feedback, and they simply returned their evaluations of the feedback to us by e-mail. Collins and Stukas (June 2006) hypothesized that (a) participants would be more willing to accept self-consistent feedback than self-inconsistent feedback, (b) participants would be more willing to accept self-inconsistent feedback from a high-status therapist than from a low-status therapist, and (c) participants with positive attitudes toward therapy would be more w illing to accept self-inconsistent feedback than would participants with negative attitudes toward therapy. Although Collins and Stukas (June, 2006) obtained results that are consistent with past researches, the thing is that they chose a very minimal operationalization of the therapeutic context, one that allowed us to manipulate both therapist status and feedback without concern for the potential influence of other variables that are normally found in this setting (e.g., dynamics of an actual interaction, appearance of the therapist and therapist's office, actual psychopathology of the clients). They also used a very short measure to assess participants' self-concepts. This reductionistic approach worked well from both a practical standpoint and an ethical one, but doing research in the real setting might prove more difficult. This research from Collins and Stukas (June 2006) might be helpful in terms of the modern methodologies used in this study. We could use similar approach in determining Self-Feedbacks by electronic mail to our respondents. Schmitt, D.P. and Allik, J. (2005, October). Simultaneous Administration of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale in 53 Nations: Exploring the Universal and Culture-Specific Features of Global Self-Esteem, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 89(4): 623-642. In Schmitt and Allik's study

Should college athletes be paid Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Should college athletes be paid - Research Paper Example The paper tells that since a long time, college athletes have been working with their hearts and souls day after day and year after year for the appreciation and name of their universities. The athletes are bringing huge money in their universities by their outstanding performances, television contracts and other deals. People, who are intrinsically motivated, possess the love for their work and they do not depend on any extrinsic reward for showing good performance. One can easily put athletes in this category. However, taking wrong advantage of this intrinsic motivation is common in most of the universities and colleges in the world. The people running these universities assume that provision of education in exchange of their phenomenal performance in sports is enough but this scholarship is not enough for those who give up their freedom and blood for a one-hour game. Apart from scholarship, they get nothing for their perseverance and struggle. If one goes in depth of this issue, o ne comes to know that athletes are responsible for running a huge business for the colleges and universities. Athletes play the same role for colleges as employees for organizations. One would hardly find any organization, which pays nothing to its employees who bring in a lot of business. Many people argue that it is more than enough if they get scholarship in exchange of their games and practice but the question arises, that can they survive on the scholarship money wholly. Scholarship money includes their college fee, tuition fee, and cost of books but what would they do for their food, entertainment, phone bills, laundry, and many other activities. Had they not been playing for the colleges they would do part time jobs and earn their livings but athletes require a huge time for practice without which they cannot give good performance and get scholarship from college. Scholarship is not just enough for what they give to their colleges. This is causing many athletes leave their co lleges without completing their education and getting into professional sports. Many colleges give bonuses to its teachers and scholars out of the money, which actually comes in because of undying energy and struggle of college athletes. Chris Weber is one of the athletes of University of Michigan; he had to struggle for money to watch a movie on the other hand the university bookshop was selling his uniform jersey for $50. College athlete must receive some sort of payment from the colleges they join or from the NCAA itself. Colleges should treat athletes as humans as they treat every other student. By not considering them the major reason of earning money and refusing to pay, the NCAA and its executives want the athletes to live a life which normal human beings cannot live. Normal humans want return of their efforts and NCCA is not giving this return. Some or other way NCCA itself is putting the college athletes at a disadvantage to not finish their college education and ruin their careers. Many people say that system is fine the way it is and there is no need of paying college athletes but they would understand the scenario only if they were at the place of these unfortunate athletes. One of the clearest examples of exploitation of college athletes is that of NCCA, which signed a contract of one billion dollar with CBS giving them right to broadcast all NCCA basketball tournament games played by their college athletes. Moreover, â€Å"NCAA has a multimillion-dollar yearly budget and it earns over $20,000,000 a year in television contracts† Murphy and Pace, n.p.). Concerning this, Hunter R. Rawlings III, president of the University of

OM8025 final paper Term Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

OM8025 final - Term Paper Example Zaire is one such country. Through the creation of private-public partnerships and with some creative long-term strategic planning, Zaire has the potential and the opportunity to bridge the digital divide. This will enable Zaire to diversify its economy and to open new international markets to products manufactured locally. This study attempts to determine the level of interest among private sector firms and government agencies in Zaire in acquiring advanced telecommunications and internet capabilities. It also assesses what technology capabilities are most needed and what the impact of introducing these new technologies might have on the social, cultural and business practices of Zairians. The purpose of this study is to determine the degree to which public and private agencies in Zaire value the importance of having access to emerging telecommunications and internet technologies. If these technologies are made available, what affect do the agencies perceive these technologies to have on the manner in which they conduct their business activities? The lack of access to state-of-the-art telecommunications and internet technologies has represented a major constraint in Zaire’s efforts to diversity its economy. The country must show consistent economic growth in order to generate the revenues that it needs to develop new programs and businesses. In particular, Zaire must increase the volume of foreign direct investment in its economy in order to create the skilled jobs that Zairians require. There is a strong theoretical foundation in both economics and public policy that indicates a direct correlation between economic diversity and economic prosperity. Economic prosperity, in turn, provides countries with the resources that they need to develop strong social institutions (World Economic Forum, 2009). One of the distinguishing characteristics between

Changing Concentration of Hydrochloric Acid

Changing Concentration of Hydrochloric Acid How will changing the concentration of hydrochloric (HCl) acid affect the rate of hydrogen gas (H2) production during the reaction with magnesium (Mg), using the pressure buildup by hydrogen gas? Introduction Factors that influence rates of reactions include change in concentration, temperature, surface area, or the addition of a catalyst. This experiment will specifically investigate the effect of concentration change of the reactants upon the rate of reaction, using hydrochloric acid and magnesium strip. The concentration of HCl acid solution is controlled through serial dilution. 2HCl(aq) + Mg(s) à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ MgCl2(aq) + H2(g) This experiment in particular will explore how the pressure changes as the above reaction proceeds. Because the reaction produces hydrogen gas as a product, building up more pressure within the confined space of a test tube, a pressure sensor will measure the rate of reaction. After the reaction begins, approximately 20 seconds of data will be collected with each trial, in order to formulate a common trend (a graph of pressure over time). With average slopes of different amount of concentrations, a linear regression line will then be created to sketch the trend, regarding the effect of concentration upon pressure-the rate of reaction. Hypothesis According to Collision Theory, the reactant particles must collide together, and thus creating a reaction. Because increasing the concentration of HCl acid solution also means an increase in the number of hydrogen and chloride ions, collision between the reactant particles increases as well, resulting in more products-hydrogen gas. With more production of hydrogen gas in the confined test tube, pressure will build up. Therefore, if-at a given period of time-the concentration of HCl acid solution increases, then the rate of reaction will increase accordingly, because more collisions will occur, producing hydrogen gas at a higher rate. Variables Variable description Method of measuring variable Dependent variable Pressure buildup due to the reaction between hydrochloric acid solution and magnesium During the reaction, H2gas is produced, thus increasing the volume within the confined space of a test tube and increasing the pressure. This change will be recorded by a pressure sensor. Collecting data for about 10 seconds before the injection of the magnesium strip, the measurement of pressure will continue for about 20 seconds after the reaction begins. Three trials are required for each concentration of HCl solution to minimize random error. Rate of reaction Using the more accurate initial rate of the reaction, about 10 seconds of the graph after the reaction begins will be used to create a slope of change in pressure over time. Independent variable Concentration of HCl solution Using serial dilution along with apparatus such as micropipette and flask, the 1M hydrochloric acid solution will be diluted into 0.5M, 0.25M, 0.125M, and 0.0625M. Controlled variables Mg strip (length) Using a ruler and scissor, the Mg strip will be cut into 15 pieces, each being 1cm. Volume of hydrochloric acid solution For each concentration, 3cm3of hydrochloric acid solution is used, accurately measured by a pipette. Temperature of reactants The temperature remains constant at room temperature (approx. 25 degrees Celsius) throughout the entire experiment. Shaking of the test tube To create the most accurate results possible, physical motion when slightly shaking the test tubes must be repetitive in the same way for each trial. Size of the test tube Because different sizes of test tubes would mean different volumes as well, constant size (volume) is essential, preferably small so that the reaction will be more conspicuous. To do this, 15 identical test tubes are used. Table 1: List of Variables Apparatus and Materials 1M hydrochloric acid solution Distilled water Magnesium strip Flask (50cm3) Pressure sensor Logger Pro Micropipette 15 identical test tubes Sandpaper Scissor Procedure Put 20cm3 of 1M HCL solution in the flask and dilute it to 0.5M with 20cm3 of distilled water. Using the serial dilution as in step 1, prepare 10cm3 solutions with concentrations of 1M, 0.5M, 0.25M, 0.125M, and 0.0625M. Add 3 cm3 of each solution into labeled test tubes using the micropipette. Repeat step 3 to prepare three test tubes of each solution (15 in total) Cut out the magnesium strip into 15 pieces of 1cm and sand them with sandpaper. Put the cut out magnesium strip into the test tube with 1M HCl solution. Then quickly cover the test tube with the pressure sensor. Start collecting data while shaking the test tube in a consistent manner for about 25 seconds after the reaction begins. Repeat steps 6 to 8 for all other test tubes. Data Collection and Processing Qualitative Data After the injection of the magnesium strip into the HCl solution, it effervesces and pressure inside the test tube begins to build up. With test tubes of higher concentration, the pressure seems to be higher within the time limit and more bubbles form. At the end of the reaction, the solutions color changed to transparent yellow. The reacted solution (product) gives off a foul smell. Processed Data Data Presentation 1 0.5 0.25 0.125 0.0625 Uncertainties Standard Deviation Standard deviation was calculated and represented in the rate of reaction vs. concentration graph as error bars. Standard deviation for different concentration of HCl solution Standard deviation was calculated by a graphing calculator. Uncertainty due to the serial dilution of HCl solution Uncertainty due to 1cm3 Uncertainty during dilution measuring pressure (?) Conclusion In Figure 1, the trend of different concentrations of reactants influencing the rate of reaction is illustrated. The linear regression line demonstrates the clear change in rate of reaction, according to the change in concentration-the lower the concentration, the slower the rate of reaction. Hence, the initial hypothesis, stating the direct relationship between concentration and rate of reaction, is justified and validated. Evaluation Shown by Table 4, in which the standard deviations for each concentration of HCl solution are calculated, the results of this experiment are fairly precise, but not to a great extent. Moreover, uncertainties created during the preparation of the experiment, as with the management of apparatus and materials such as the gas pressure sensor, flask, and micropipette decreases the accuracy. Although Figure 1, the graph containing the general trend of concentrations effect upon the rate of reaction seems to validate the hypothesis, the rate of reaction of 0.25M HCl solution stands out of the trend, decreasing the validity of this experiments results. More factors that may have hindered obtaining accurate results of this experiment include: Error Impact Improvements Using hand to shake the test tubes for faster reaction rate Any non-perceptible (by humans) changes influenced each reaction to proceed differently, ultimately creating different circumstances for each trial. This change in circumstances is crucial since it greatly hinders accurate results. The use of a vibration plate instead may reduce error as it is more consistent. Reproducible circumstances can be better achieved.

The Advancement of The Machine Gun Essay -- Warfare

War has been a recurring part of America’s history for the past hundreds of years. From the 1700s to the present, America has gotten into numerous situations and turmoil, which eventually lead to the wars we currently study and know about today. Technological advancements in warfare were necessary and a great obligation during times of war. This was pursued with drastic improvement. From the transformation of the use of smoothbore muskets during the Civil War to the industrial revolution leading to weaponry innovations post civil war, the nature of warfare dramatically changed. These developments proved to be proficient in battle. In the midst of these hundreds of years, while many technological advances demonstrated to be efficient in battle, the machine gun was one of the most significant advancements in technology that changed the face of warfare through its transformation of operations and strategy. During the civil war before the introduction of the machine guns, union soldiers predominantly used smoothbore muskets. â€Å"The rifle’s low muzzle velocity and consequent high parabolic trajectory made for difficult long-range shooting, especially since soldiers engaged in little target practice and received virtually no training in estimating distances or in using the adjustable sights to compensate for the bullet’s curved flight. The tangled terrain of most battlefields—and the black powder smoke that engulfed every battle—often rendered enemy soldiers invisible until they were within smoothbore range† (Hess 288). This was assumed to be the reason of why the war was prolonged, and the combat losses were higher during the smoothbore era. Also with an ability of only firing a â€Å"maximum of three rounds per minute† (Howey), this rat... ...smith, Dolf L., and R. Blake. Stevens. The Devil's Paintbrush: Sir Hiram Maxim’s Gun. Toronto: Collector Grade Publications, 1989. Print. 2. Hess, Earl J. The Rifle Musket in Civil War Combat: Reality and Myth. Lawrence, Kan: University Press of Kansas, 2008. Print. 3. Howey, Allan W. "Weaponry: The Rifle-Musket and the Minià © Ball  » History Net." History Net. Weider History Group, Oct. 1999. Web. 12 May 2012. . 4. Lee, Loyd E. World War II. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1999. Print. 5. Popenker, Max R. "Modern Firearms - MachineGuns." Max R. Popenker, 1999-2010. Web. 10 May 2012. . 6. Simkin, John. "Machine-Gun." Spartacus Educational - Home Page. John Simkin. Web. 10 May 2012. .

Advertising and Its Effect on the Demand Curve

THE UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND ECON7002 Markets in Action Advertising and its effect on the demand curve Markets in Action Advertising and its effect on the demand curve Advertisement has always been an important market strategy for firms to accomplish their goals. From cereal companies to airline companies, it is inevitable to go through the process of advertising. However, what purpose does advertising serve for consumers and suppliers in the market? In this report, it is to examine the relationship between advertising and the market demand curve.Moreover, the impact that advertising brings toward the consumers and the company supplying the product or service. It is no doubt that peoples’ income is always limited relatively to peoples’ wants. Consumers therefore have to make choices among different products and services (P&S) to satisfy their unlimited wants with limited income. Firms take advantage of this issue by advertising the P&S they produce to increase their pro fits. There are two primary motives for companies to advertise their products and services.The first motive is to shift the demand curve to the right, meaning an increase in market demand for a product/service. The second motive is to lower the elasticity of the demand curve, meaning the demand for a product/service is less affected when the price of that product/service changes (Sloman, Norris & Garratt 2010). There are a number of reasons that causes a demand curve to shift to the right. In the case of advertisement, changing the preferences and tastes of the consumers can have a significant effect on demand.By enhancing the taste and preference of consumers, it draws new and inexperienced customers to purchase the product/service (Acharyya & Mukherjee 2003). Therefore, advertising brings a firm’s product/service to more people’s attention and increases the people’s desire for purchasing it. Advertisements can also eliminate the possible limitations in the kno wledge of consumers and familiarize them with new information about the product/service. Consumers can not review the qualities and values for most products and services in the market until it is purchased, such as kitchen appliances or automobiles.With providing information about the product/service by advertisements, the firm aims to influence the purchasing decision and raise the willingness to pay of the consumers (Erdem, Keane & Sun 2007). For example, SONY can change the consumer’s purchasing preference and taste by conducting a computer technology exhibition that displays the relevant technology information about the computers. Another example is McDonalds creating a television commercial about shaker fries to inform customers about this new product. Below is a figure illustration that shows the effect of advertising by a rightward shift in the demand curve.With the supply curve unaffected, it can be seen that the quantity demanded increases from Q to Q’ when th e demand curve shifts to the right. As for the price of the product/service, it increases from P to P’. Figure1. Effect of advertising by a rightward shift in the demand curve Price elasticity is the responsiveness of consumer demand when the price of the product/service rises or falls. Firms therefore use advertisements to affect consumers purchasing decisions by compelling people to buy their product/service over competitors. This means to make their product/service highly inelastic relatively compared to their competitor’s substitutes.So what factors influence the price elasticity of demand? In this report, five determinants are examined. The first factor is the number and closeness of substitute product/service. For companies that have monopoly power such as oil and electricity, an advertising scheme is usually unnecessary as consumer demand are already consistent regardless of a change in price. On the other hand, firms that have competitors attempts to use advert ising plans to create product differentiation. The second factor is the proportion of income spent on the product/service.Product/service purchases which have a small portion to total expenditure tends to have a lower elasticity, since consumers has less difficulty with the extra expenditure when prices go up. For example, salt and pepper. The third factor is whether the product/service is a luxury or a necessity. Products/services which are necessary goods tend to be more inelastic as they are used to fulfill the basic needs of a consumer even if the prices go up. Whereas luxury goods are more elastic as purchases can be postponed to the future. For example, laundry detergent is a necessity and Tiffany & Co jewelry is a luxury.The forth factor is whether or not the product/service is addictive. Products/services that are habit forming tend to be inelastic as they are required to satisfy the habit of the consumer. For example, cigarettes and alcohol beverages are addictive goods. Th e last but not the least factor is the amount of time consumers have to respond to a change in the price. With a longer time period, the elasticity of demand is more elastic as consumers have more time to adjust their purchasing habit (Welker 2010). In a competitive industry such as electronic products and clothing, the demand curves are most likely elastic.Advertising attempts to make the demand curve of the product/service more inelastic by utilizing the first and third factor in the previous paragraph. Creating more product differentiation to their substitutes and making their products as a necessity. A major method of product differentiation is to instill consumers with brand loyalty. With brand loyal consumers, they are willing to purchase at higher price for the intangible effects of the product/service. Slogans and Logos are popular schemes to familiarize consumers with brand names and increase brand loyalty (Patti 1977).For example, â€Å"Because you are worth it† by L’Oreal Cosmetics and â€Å"Buy it, sell it, love it† from eBay (Oak 2011). Advertisements can change the consumer’s relative evaluation of substitutes by leading them to believe that the substitute brands are inferior. For example, commercial battles between Apple and Blackberry. Nowadays, persuasive advertisements have reshaped the purchasing habit of consumers with culture and life background, leading consumers to think products/services are a necessary good such as cereals for breakfast (Acharyya & Mukherjee 2003).Next page is a figure illustration that shows the effect of advertising by a decrease in elasticity in the demand curve. With the same price rise P to P’, it can be seen that the quantity demanded decreases by a larger amount from Q to Q1 when the demand curve is elastic (curve D). On the other hand, the more inelastic curve (curve D’) has a relatively smaller quantity decrease from Q to Q2. Figure2. Effect of advertising by a decreas e in elasticity in the demand curve Figure3. Effect of advertising by a change in the demand curve With both a decrease in elasticity and a rightward shift in the demand curve, sales are increased from Q?P to Q’? P’. This is due to firms can now charge a higher price in a less competitive environment. So how do companies advertise their products/services? Firms advertise advertisement through a number of mediums, including emails and mails such as Dominos pizza, magazines such as Marc Jacob, bulletin boards such as Billabong, Radio announcements such as AAMI, television ads such as Optus and Yellow pages etc. Companies spend a significant amount of capital and time to plan a strategy to persuade people to purchase products.Some common strategy techniques includes celebrity testimonial, claiming that their products is desirable and consumed by many people, authority endorsements, slogan and logos etc (Gladen 2008). An advertising strategy of Apple is to gain brand loyal ty of consumers while charging at a higher price. Apple posts new advertisements continuously on the internet with branding strategy that focuses on peoples’ emotion such as lifestyle, imagination, aspirations, passion and dreams. It also uses advertisements to show an indefinable â€Å"cool† element associated with every new innovation devices that they produce.The demand for Apple products will therefore inevitably be increased by bringing in new customers and increasing the desire of purchase. Another technique is to show that competitors such as Microsoft PCs and Blackberry phones are an inferior product. For example, Apple created the ad â€Å"Mac vs. PC (Deny or allow)† to indicate that it is worth paying higher price for a virus-free Mac then a Microsoft PC (Marketing minds, 2011). For cosmetic brand Cover Girl, one of their strategies is to create a slogan to facilitate brand recognition. This leads to product demand curve becoming more inelastic.Almost all firms create a unique slogan to bolster and augment its business branding. Cover Girl uses â€Å"Easy, Breezy, Beautiful, Cover Girl† as their slogan in advertisements. Moreover, they use celebrity endorsements including Rihanna, Taylor Swift, Jennifer O’Nell and etc. as the face of their brand. Cover Girl also has a $100,000 US contact with America’s next top model every season (the most global popular modeling reality TV show). Celebrity enforcements work in a way that consumers identify themselves with the celebrity in the advertisements, and are mostly likely to increase demand in targeted consumers (Wikipedia, 2011).Advertisements have both advantages and disadvantages towards the consumers and the company supplying the products/services. The advantages for consumers include alerting people to products/services that fulfills the niche requirements they have such as tastes, preference, lifestyle and etc. Moreover, consumers have better access to the prod uct/service information and guidance. On the other hand, disadvantages include overstating the effectiveness of the product/service and mislead the consumers to make bad purchasing decisions.It also creates dissatisfaction for some people as their income cannot afford the desired product. Advertising appeals can also affect people’s health by promoting alcohol and cigarettes. For companies that supplies the products and services, advantages include increasing the exposure and awareness of the new developed products/services to consumers. Increase sales and profit if advertising scheme is successful. The form of online advertising using YouTube and other video sharing websites decreases the costs of supply.However, disadvantage includes spending excessive money on celebrity endorsements or on AFL half-time broadcast with no significant profit gains (Akrani 2010). Successful firms have a good understanding in who purchases their products, why consumers purchase their products a nd what advertising strategy to utilize to influence consumers purchasing decision. From this report, it can be seen that companies use a variety of advertisement plans to increase the demand of their products/services as well as to reduce the elasticity of the products/services.By changing the demand curve with a rightward shift and with a steeper slope, the main goal that firms are trying to achieve is to increase the sales and profits. Some advertising strategies might induce disadvantages to consumers and suppliers, but with suppliers applying the most suitable strategy by research and evaluation, it is more likely that both parties will benefit from the advertising result. Reference Sloman, J, Norris, K & Garratt, D 2010, Principles of economics, 3rd edition, Pearson Australia, NSW Australia Acharyya, R & Mukherjee D 2003, ‘Advertisement and Markets’, Economic and political weekly, Vol. 8, No. 50, pp. 5236-5239 Erdem, T, Keane, MP & Sun, B 2008, ‘The impact o f advertising on consumer price sensitivity in experience goods markets’, Quant market economics, Vo. 6, pp. 139-176 Patti, CH 1977, ‘Evaluating the role of advertising’, Journal of advertising, Vol. 6, No. 4, pp. 30-35 Welker, J 2010, The role of advertising in determining price elasticity of demand, viewed 27 Sep 2011, http://welkerswikinomics. com/blog/2010/10/04/im-proud-to-be-a-canadian-and- i-like-beer/ Oak, M 2011, Famous commercial slogans, viewed 27 Sep 2011, http://www. buzzle. com/ articles/famous-commercial-slogans. tml Gladen, NR 2011, Advertising and persuasive strategies, viewed 28 Sep 2011, http://naomi- rockler-gladen. suite101. com/advertising-persuasion-techniques-a52647 Marketing Minds 2010, Apple’s branding strategy, viewed 28 Sep 2011, http://www. marketing minds. com. au/branding/apple_branding_strategy. html Wikipedia 2011, Cover Girl, viewed 28 Sep 2011, http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/CoverGirl Akrani, G 2010, Advertising-Advertisi ng management features and benefits, viewed 29 Sep 2011, http://kalyan-city. blogspot. com/2010/07/5-ms-of-advertising-advertising. html

Year-Round Schooling essays

Year-Round Schooling essays Initially I did not agree with it, and I never thought I would be advocating it, but year-round schooling (YRS) does have several merits. YRS is a concept which reorganizes the school year to provide more continuous learning by spacing the long summer vacation into shorter, more frequent vacations throughout the year. This essay will explore three reasons why this option should be more widely adapted in Ontario schools. The year-round school curriculum is much better suited to the working family schedules, it allows more continuous learning, and decreases the likelihood of burnout of teachers and students. Though this idea is a suggestion that is radically different from the traditional curriculum approach in North America, it may well be time to try it. The long-established, customary North American family, has two working parents and a child/children who are in school. Working parents usually have a two-week summer break. Having their children in a year-round system will better correlate quality family time and vacations. Families can spread out their vacation time and visit locations that are less expensive or crowded during the traditional school year. In the nine-month school year, kids are often sent to camp, summer school, or left at home either alone, or with a babysitter during the summer vacation. If children are left alone, they will feel neglected and will begin to forget most of what they obtained throughout the school year. If children are left home with a babysitter, it is a hassle for parents to find one for the entire summer. This system will coordinate with parents lives and community activities very nicely. The YRS is a family-friendly approach to school schedules and is being experimented with many different school boards. This radical new approach developing in North America d ...

Contributions to Ancient India Essay Example

Contributions to Ancient India Essay Example Contributions to Ancient India Essay Contributions to Ancient India Essay Contributions from Ancient India Ancient India contributed many things in our modern culture. The Ancient Indians showed their intelligence in the many ideas that they had. We need to credit them for their advancements in many things. The concept of zero and the numeral system we use in our culture are examples of the Ancient Indian advancements in mathematics. They also deepened the knowledge and accuracy of astronomy. In addition the cotton developments sparked the Indian textile world. One of the major things that the Ancient Indians contributed to the world was astronomy. The Ancient Indians knew that the accuracy of some instruments could be improved by the size. Their theory†the bigger, the more accurate. The largest sundials in the world were created by the Ancient Indians. One in particular is known as the Samrat Yantra. The name translates to the supreme instrument. The sundial stands 27 meters tall. Its shadow moves visibly at 1 mm per second. This is more accurate than anything else from that time period. The Ancient Indians were many of the greatest minds behind mathematics. Some concepts that they came up with were the decimal number system, zero, negative umbers, arithmetic, algebra, and further advancements in trigonometry. The number system that we use today was derived from the Ancient Indians. But there is much emphasis on the concept of zero. Before the Ancient Indians, there was no symbol or way of representing nothing. Zero was the changing point, the missing puzzle piece, to mathematics. The fashion industry has been inspired by the Ancient Indians also. India was the first location to domesticate cotton. The Ancient Indians invented a machine to pick out the cotton seeds. They also made the spinning wheel which is a way to make the otton balls into billions of threads. These threads are weaved to make a beautiful breathable fabric. The cotton industry is a very important industry today. After analyzing the ways that the Ancient Indian culture has influenced the world, the United States contributions to the world are a Just a pittance in comparison. The preciseness of the astronomical instruments, the logic in the mathematical advancements, and the innovativeness of the textile industry show how intelligent the Ancient Indians were. They set a foundation of knowledge for the rest of the world to build upon. contributions to ancient india By partay001

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Long Serving Members, Party Leadership and Committees in U.S Congress Essay

Long Serving Members, Party Leadership and Committees in U.S Congress - Essay Example An institution should never work for a particular segment of people alone. It should work for the wellbeing of all the people. This paper analyses American Congress as an institution with its long-serving members, party leadership and committees. First, and foremost, Congress is sometimes called the "People's Branch," because it is so close to the electoral process and, hence, the voters. Whereas the entire Executive Branch has two elected officials, president and vice president (and they run together as a team), the population of Congress results from 535 separate elections. Members can rarely rest from fund raising or campaigning. Every two years, about 470 of those seats are up for reelection--all of the House and 1/3 of the Senate (Weingarten). Before analysing Congress as an institution, it is necessary to know what an institution is. Institution is often become a controversial word. It has no standardized definition. Different people define the term institution in different way s. According to James Pedlar (2011), â€Å"An institution is a changeable, but permanent, product of purposive social role behaviour which subjects the individual to obligations, gives him formal authority and possesses legal sanctions† (Pedlar). If this definition is true, one can safely say that American Congress is definitely an institution at least in principle. It should be noted that none of the Congress members are permanent and each of them are elected for a specific period only. At the same time, one should not be forgotten that American congress is a permanent entity even though its members are changing periodically. All the congressmen have some kind of obligations towards the country and also towards the people the constituencies they represent. Moreover, each congressman has some kind of power given to them by the American constitution. In short, American Congress satisfies all the requirements of an institution. At the same time, it should be noted that some of the members of American congress have already crossed 50 years service as Congressman. For example, Robert Byrd, who died at the age of 92 recently, had served American Congress for around 52 years. Same way more than 25 members of the current Congress have crossed more than 35 years of service in Congress. These statistics clearly suggest that even though a prescribed term was there for the Congressmen, many of them were able to continue in Congress for very long periods. This is because of the fact that American constitution allows a person to compete elections to Congress as many times he likes. Even though presidential term is fixed to two terms maximum, such restrictions are not there for the congressmen. That is why many people argue that American Congress is not at all an institution since many of its members remain the same for a longer period. As everybody knows, conservatives and Democrats are two of the major political parties in American Congress. The leadership of these parties in the Congress will be elected by the party conferences. One of the will be the majority party leader whereas the other would be the minority party leader. At present, Democratic Majority Leader Harry Reid of Nevada and Republican Minority Leader Mitch McConnell of Kentucky are working as the floor leaders in